Bread in the Bible – Epiousios

Posted on by
9

Because epiousios is in Matthew 6:11 and Luke 11:3 it is the second best-known bread in the Bible. Those references are in the center of the Lord’s Prayer, along with forgiveness, and they contain the special Greek word epiousios. How special? It is only used twice in the corpus of Greek writings and literature. Okay, I did not say just the Bible, I said all of Greek literature before the time of Jesus. (God bless translators.) It has been rendered “daily”. Never have I heard this word or how special it is; take some time and check out these links. O the verse- Give us this day our DAILY bread. (Mark translation.)

Since there is nothing to compare it to, my first reaction was MANNA! What is this special concept in the Lord’s Prayer that is sandwiched between “give us this day” and “bread”? “Daily” has worked; “for the coming day” may be just as good, or is there even more? As this is a study, I will put it in context with the Sermon on the Mount and then break that compound word down. After all of that, I will share my crust with you (The crust on a loaf of bread is special to me.).

Luke – Only Matthew and Luke recorded this prayer by the guiding hand of the Holy Spirit. Luke had heard this prayer many times before he wrote it to Theophilus. There are slight variations between the two in the Greek text but that should be expected. Others have added more and bigger changes than these slight variations. (I am working on a study on the Lord’s Prayer.) Luke 11 to me is the start of his version of the Sermon on the Mount, it does go for a few chapters.

Thoughts on the Word

The Author of Creation and the Word of Life coined a word. Epiousios was not a mistake or an accident. If you look at verse 11, it could have been said “Give us today our bread” and the meaning would have been clear.

I thank the Father for the food we have to eat and His grace for willingly taking care of my family. Do I have a simple explanation for epiousios. No, but the study has moved some “tent pegs” because my God has pushed my box out of shape. I will try to put this compound word into the context of Jesus’ sermon and His teachings for His Kingdom. Now, let’s think above our possessions.

The Sermon – I need to start/mention the baptism of Jesus (3:13), which compares to the Children passing through the Red Sea. He then goes into the wilderness and is tempted (4:1-4). The first temptation is about bread or what He needs to live on. (If it is just a number reference it is from Matthew.) Jesus then picks up and adds to John the Baptist’s message; the good news that the kingdom of heaven/God is near (4:17) and He is healing every disease (4:23). Remember that the Children came out of Egypt healed. Relax take a breath and view the Sermon as a Jesus version of the Ten Commandments and the Law. Now consider how food, water, manna, and quail played into the trip to the mountain where they met God. A note to myself – they had gold, silver, and possessions but no food or water; what did they complain about?

The Sermon has several references to food, eating, and what is needed to maintain our lives. I decided the best way to study these was to list them.

  • 5:6 – those who hunger and thirst for righteousness
  • 5:13 – you are salt (needed for life) stay flavorful
  • 5:42 – help those who need to borrow from you
  • 6:11 – gives us bread every day and “more”. We could be praying every day for what we need tomorrow. It could be a statement to give us above what we need so we can share.
  • 6:19 – watch what you are storing up
  • 6:25 – life is more important than food, Father knows we need it so don’t worry
  • 6:31 – don’t worry about what to drink or eat
  • 7:9 – if you ask Father for bread or fish, He is not going to give you something harmful
  • 7:16-20 – good fruit comes from good trees

Actual and metaphorical these verses help to open the Kingdom and show the righteous relations that God wants with the Body of Christ and that we are to have with the other parts of the Body. Luke 6:38 with the “good measure” being poured for us, then pressed, shaken, and running over is exhorting us to get out of our box and give above what is sufficient. I am beginning to feel that is a good picture of epiousios.

The Parts

Epi is a prefix in Greek, and I have seen it as a word. It can mean upon or above. We are talking about Father God, the owner of the cattle on a thousand hills.

Ousios in our “modern” jargon carries the concept of substance or being. In the Wiki article above that concept was part of the trinitarian doctrine and the controversy that arose in the early church. See Luke 15:12+13.

My Musings

I may say “daily” but I am not sure I can go that small in my thinking ever again.

Metaphorically I can see epiousios as the crust on a loaf of bread. It is on top of the substance that most people like. It has formed from the heat changing the dough to make a shield for the soft inner part. The crust can have a pleasant color. It gives me something to chew on while I enjoy the softer inside. Personally, I like to eat the crust.

Many kernels of grain are needed to make a loaf of bread. They are picked, ground up, and mixed together to make bread. The Body of Christ has many individual “kernels” that are being prepared so we can be the Bride and be presented spotless and perfect.   

Artos in the Book of Matthew

Posted on by
6

Artos is the Greek word for bread and loaves (Strong’s G 740), and I like using Matthew as a reference point. There are kernels of truth in many other verses in the New Testament about bread, and if you look into the Hebrew, you will find lechem. The town of Bethlehem is the town of bread. So, grab a donut or make a sandwich, and let’s start studying bread. ἄρτος | Free Online Greek Dictionary | billmounce.com

Matthew 6:11, which is in the center of the Lord’s Prayer and started this study, that will be another post. After having sliced through the crust of this topic, I found many questions that needed looking at. But we will start in Matthew 4.

Jesus was fasting and the “tempter” started his grinding attacks with a “what if”. The challenge was to make bread. Elegant sermons abound for this story, and I will not attempt to match them. So, I am going to ask questions. Why stones? Stones indicate that man had used them for something. I would expect rocks to be out in the wilderness. Why bread? I love the smell of fresh bread, but what about the fragrant aroma of beef, lamb, or bird? (Check Leviticus 1, all of those are parts of sacrifices.) Jesus’ answer, in verse 4 may give us a clue or open the bag for several metaphors for bread used in Matthew and beyond. Bread, leavened or not, barley, or wheat (See Ruth 2) were the mainstay of the diet, in Egypt they even used baked bread to make the beer. We should fill our larders every day with the words of God so we can taste the righteousness and get strength from the grace that Jesus opened up to us.

I think it is fair to take a Muse Moment and look at 7:9 when in the Sermon Jesus flips the pan and asks who would give his son a stone instead of bread. The word again is lithos and not petra. Jesus is our petra, but when man “handled Him” He became the cornerstone that would cause them to stumble.

I am not leaving out any ingredients in this study, just mixing them in a slightly different order. My next stop is 12:4 where Jesus is not getting along with the Pharisees because of heads of grain. Those heads of grain put this story between Passover and the Feast of Trumpets. It had to be a carefully measured walk also because it was on the Sabbath and the Pharisees were tagging along. David and the Shewbread or Bread of the Presence and breaking the Law is the main sticking point this time. That consecrated bread is what was put into the Tabernacle to represent the twelve tribes of Israel. Jesus’ point is that He is the Lord of the Sabbath and that the Sabbath is not the lord of man. This is not a license to not rest with God one day a week, just do not make more rules to follow. Love God and love man is more than enough.

My guess is that those twelve loaves were made of barley (See Judges and the story of Gideon.) The recipe for those loaves is not written in the Law and only the priest knew how to make them. In Purpose or Prothesis, I asked about what they were made of during the forty years of wandering. They may have stayed in one place long enough to grow grain, but manna was their main food source. That of course makes them gluten-free for their time of wandering:)

I am not done, but I am hungry, so the other references on bread will be served up later.  

Jacob Israel

Posted on by
3

Isaiah 48:1 Hear ye this, O house of Jacob, which are called by the name of Israel, and are come forth out of the waters of Judah, which swear by the name of the Lord, and make mention of the God of Israel, but not in truth, nor in righteousness. (KJV)

The “waters” are also translated as lineage. Think about it.

My post, Jacob/Israel What Was His Name, is a reference for this one. Like the above verse I have been running into this thought lately, so I wanted to revisit this name change. All of these verses are in Genesis.

  • 25:22 Rebekah has twins wrestling in her womb.
  • 27:35 +36 Jacob took Esau’s blessing as the first son. Okay, Esau had sold Jacob his birthright but that is downplayed at the moment. Jacob is called a deceiver which is what his name could be translated into.
  • 32:24 Jacob wrestles again; this time with “a man”.
  • 32:26 He demands a blessing.
  • 32:28 What he gets is a name change. One who has struggled with God and man.
  • 35:10 The name change is stated again.

Wrestling, blessing, and name-changing are all in just ten chapters. Jacob wrestling and being born and then “born-again” was what I wanted to point out. Another way to say it is Jacob wrestled in the womb to get his first name, he wrestled with God and got a new name. That limp was a sign for him to think about and remember the God he chose to serve and his life.

Jacob and Esau were not teenagers by the time Jacob went to Laban. (See the links below). The information is approximate at best, and I had to work backward to get to the start.

Tribes of Israel – A timeline | Mark’s Bible Study (ificouldteachthebible.com)

The Tribes of Israel – How Old Were These Guys | Mark’s Bible Study (ificouldteachthebible.com)

Jacob and Israel are the seed of Abraham by promise and faith. I tend to read/think of Jacob as the natural-born children and Israel as the supernatural children when the names are together in the same verse.

Moria

Posted on by
Reply

With ink and leaf, melodies for the ear, art to envision the possibilities, and cinema to connect the pieces of Tolkien’s world we find his creation of Moria. The mine or house or land belonged to the dwarves and was taken over by the orcs and other terrors. This Khazad-dûm, this black pit played its role to perfection in both The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings. The Fellowship entered it by calling “friend” and left in tears and grief.

J. R. R. Tolkien the scholar and more important a Christian, who influenced C. S. Lewis to believe in Jesus seems to have used a Greek word to name this land under the Misty Mountains. Moria, Strong’s G3472, means foolishness. Paul uses this word five times in 1 Corinthians – 1:18, 21, 23; 2;14; 3:19.

The verses in Chapter 1 deal with Jesus and His Cross being foolish to Jews and Greeks, but to us who have believed it is salvation. 2:14 sees the man without the Spirit of God finding only foolishness in spiritual words and truth. Paul ends his use of these words by stating in 3:19 that the wisdom of this world is foolishness to God. If only Adam and Eve had eaten from the Tree of Life first the knowledge of good would have been given to them and the moria of evil would have been clear.  

Paul’s time in Corinth is recorded in Acts 18. Please read that before studying the Letters to the Corinthians. It is good to note that the Church that lacked no spiritual gift had troubles and trials and needed additional instruction and encouragement to live righteously (in right relations with God and each other).

Strong’s Greek: 3472. μωρία (mória) — foolishness (biblehub.com)

Bible 911 – Genesis

Posted on by
7

Genesis 9:11 And I will establish my covenant with you, neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a flood; neither shall there any more be a flood to destroy the earth. (KJV)

Like many posts in my Bible 911 series, I will have to expand my text to do this justice. Genesis 9:1-17 is what needs to be considered. I feel this is a transition section, with verse 11 as a promise from God. I am not going to make this into a “Common Creator vs common origin” or a “Creation versus Evolution” post. Since it is about the Flood, I will talk about one aspect of that.

Walking With God

  • Genesis 3:8 God walked in the Garden with Adam and Eve.
  • Genesis 5:22-24 Enoch walked with God.
  • Genesis 6:9 Noah walked with God.
  • Genesis 17:1 God asked Abram to walk before or with Him.

Take a Muse Moment and think about how you are walking with God.

Brit or Covenant

Genesis 6:18 is the first time God offers a brit (Strong’s H 1285) to a man. My references are the Strong’s Concordance and Brit Chadashah – the New Covenant (hebrew4christians.com). Covenant is used many times in our Old Testament. The point was made that you need to pay attention to the verb if there is one, that goes with the making of the covenant. In 6:18 the verb is “establish” (H6965). Compare this to the covenants God made with Abram in Genesis 15:18 (H3772) which should be read as “cut”, and 17:2 – I will make (H5414).

A covenant or agreement was made between two parties and frequently required an act of “passing through” something. That may be a very simple explanation. Genesis 9:11 had Noah and his family passing through the water of the flood, a shadow of baptism. In Genesis 15 the smoking pot and flaming torch passed through a lot of blood and cut up animals. I do see the elements of a covenant in Genesis 3:21, an animal was killed and Adam and Eve were surrounded (passed through) by the skins.  

This new covenant in Genesis 9 washes over the curse in 3:17-21. Yes, some elements may still be visible, but I think Satan has much to do with that. God is not finished with this yet, skip to the back and read it. This started a study on food from Genesis 2 to Noah. Cain, Abel, and Noah were the reason for this study.

No Flood, Just Fire

Genesis 9:11 is a promise that a Noah-like flood will not happen again. It should be noted that the tower builders in Chapter 11 did not believe God on that subject. A personal note here, even among Christians the topic of the Flood will manifest many reactions; some of them may surprise you. There is a movie, Is Genesis History?, that gives many good ideas on the topic. Do your homework here and listen to different viewpoints. Keep the big picture, the Flood occurred, but I was not there to give you the exact details. It has been interesting over the years to watch evolutions try and argue away the things they do not like.

The idea of things burning up, as taught by Jesus started in Matthew 3:12, 13:30, and 40; it is repeated in Luke 3:17. John 15:6 gives another look at the same topic. 2 Peter 3:12 tells us that the day of God will burn up the heavens and the elements. On a slightly smaller scale Revelations 8:7 talks about the earth, trees, and grass being burned when the first trumpet sounds. The one-third here makes me think of Revelations 12:4 where one-third of the stars were thrown down, this has been associated with the number of angels who followed Satan. You can have a good study looking at “third” in Bible Gateway, I used the NASB. (Isaiah 9:19 refers to the land being burned, and that people will be fuel for a fire (NIV). I just read it during my morning study.)

Signs  

God gave the sign of the rainbow (Genesis 9:12).

In Creationist thought this is important because it marks a change in the earth’s atmosphere, remember the Flood was the first rain on earth. This ot or sign was given to reassure man and to remind God of His brit or covenant with Noah and his children. It is a shame that we have given it up to be a symbol of unrighteousness. It is a symbol that God washed the earth once and the next time He will use fire.

God gives signs to remind us of important things He does for us. Circumcision is a sign of the covenant with Abraham and his family (Genesis 17:11). The Ark is a sign of the Covenant Law given to Moses; yes, that is just one thing it is and represents. (See Saul and the Signs)

Romans 4 is Paul’s insight into the semeia or sign of circumcision and the seal of righteousness (Strong’s G4973). Sign – σημεῖον | Free Online Greek Dictionary | billmounce.com

The path I am about to step on may be for only one person or as wide as a Roman road. In 1 Corinthians 1:22 Paul makes a valid observation of human nature: Jews ask for signs and Greeks want wisdom. The desire for “signs” has been around for a long time. Yes, he was talking about the cross, which still is a problem for people. Gideon had his fleeces, and the Philistines had their new cart and nursing cows. Christians, what do you look for? In Genesis 15 Abram was told to count stars for his sign. Jesus was asked many times to produce a sign so His countrymen would believe He was the Messiah. Jesus told them of the sign of Jonah, but they did not understand. On Tuesday of Holy Week, the leaders asked Jesus for a sign, He was on the Temple Mount (See The Sermons on Two Mounts-Sadducees and Pharisees). Before He left to go to the Mount of Olives, Jesus gave a sign/prophesy about the stones of the Temple. That came to pass about forty years later courtesy of the Roman army.  

If you want a simple, all-encompassing answer about signs, I do not have one. We have “cast lots” or pulled slips of paper from a hat many times for a sign to settle problems in our house. See Acts 1:26.

Here is a path in the direction we are traveling, symbols of faith or good luck charms. “It is bad luck to be superstitious” has been a favorite response of mine for many years. I have known good people to do things or wear something believing that it will give them favor for the season. An answer from me would either pave a road or build a wall; take a Muse Moment and seek your Creator.

Signs; Godly signs can come after an event to help us remember, they can come before an event to reassure us, or they are ongoing symbols to remind us to not waiver. Miraculous or mundane signs are to bring us and glory to the Father.

Food

One aspect of Genesis 9 that surprised me as I worked on this post was a change in diet. Genesis 6:21 and 9:3 are about food. 9:3 gives man permission to eat plants and everything that “lives and moves”. This verse begins and ends with “everything” – H 3605. The post, Hevel or Abel goes into this thought more. I did find it interesting that in 9:20 – 24, we see a vineyard and Noah drunk.

The New Covenant

The idea is that a new covenant starts in the old, especially in Jeremiah 31:31, but read the entire chapter. This verse is quoted in Hebrews 8:8 and 10:16-17. Brit Chadashah – the New Covenant (hebrew4christians.com)  I see some similar elements in the repopulation of the earth after the Flood and Jeremiah 31:27 with Judah being “repopulated” after Babylon.

The story of the Good News of this Covenant is populated with signs, symbols, people, and acts of faith. This grace that we get to walk in is from Jesus taking our sin and covering it with His blood. His cross/altar allowed Him to be put into the earth and then be born from on high. He took His blood and then sprinkled it on the Mercy Seat/Throne of God and now acts as our Paraclete with the Father (1 John 2:1, Hebrews 12:24). We get to be servants of this New Covenant because of the Spirit who gives life and we can remember Jesus’ sacrifice when we partake in Holy Communion. (2 Corinthians 3:6 and Luke 22:20)